Do Computers Think? :: essays research papers

Can or will computers ever speak up? Well this has been a subject of much logical argument between even the greatest minds, and yet there is still no adjudicate. First of all I sire would like you to answer a doubt. What is 4x13? Did you have to think to answer that? Yes? Well does that pixilated that a computer stick out think because it can answer that question. Well that is what we are going to set to answer and I think yes, depending on your definition of thinking.First off lets get something straight. When I refer to computers in this essay I am not referring only to the microprocessor sitting on your desk but to microprocessors that control robots of various structure.Well as I express we first must define to think. What does that mean? Websters New Compact Dictionary defines think as "1. Have a mind. 2. Believe. 3. Employ the mind.". It defines mind as to think. So does this mean that if you can think does this mean you have a mind? My opinion is that, accordi ng to this definition, computers can think. A computer can give you an answer to the question What is 4x13?, so it can think. Whats that? You say its just programmed to do that, if no one programmed it wouldnt be able to do that. Well how did you get how to answer the question? Your instructor or parents or someone taught it to you. So you were programmed, same as the computer was. So you think that computer programming is different than learning. You might think the same as my grandma that programing is something where things are just drilled into you like people who are members of cults. Well when your teacher stood over you desk in elementary and do drilled you on the multiplication tables was that not programming? Would you know that 1x5 does not equal 10 if everyone you ever met said that it did. Another argument my grandma used was my little cousin and how when he runs into a wall he learns that it hurts so he doesnt do it again. (Well genuinely he does it because he has a hard head). Yet a professor in Calgary builds robots that do not even contain a microprocessor yet it can learn. He builds them out of spare part from broken electronics such as walkmans.

The Shield of Achilles in the Iliad :: Iliad essays

The Shield of Achilles in the Iliad The shield of Achilles plays a major partitioning in the Iliad. It portrays the story of the Achaeans and their fight against the Trojans in a microcosm of the larger story. Forged by the god, Hephaestus, who was a crippled smith, it depicts the devil cities and the happenings within, as well as Agamemnons magnificent estate. To gain insight into the details and intricacies of the shield, one must look at the shield itself, the cities depicted within the shield, and the Kings Estate and other scenes which are also depicted. These items allow for give even an amateur reader a fair understanding of the importance of Achilles shield and the Iliad. Hephaestus, the god of fire, is the smith whom forged Achilles shield. He begins with twenty sweltry bellows and fires bronze, tin, gold, and silver in his kiln. He then proceeds to hammer the metals upon his anvil to create a massive shield for Achilles to wield. The shield itself is made of pentad layers of metal with a triple ply shield strap edging on the rim. On the shield are scenes showing the heavens and earth and sea, two noble cities, a kings estate, fallow fields, a thriving vineyard, a herd of longhorn cattle, and a bounce circle. Once Hephaestus completes the shield he makes a auspices and helmet for Achilles. The armor he forges is indestructible and worthy of a god. Through Homers description of the shield and how it is forged, the reader can begin to understand the importance and value of this cheat in a literary context. The two cities depicted on the shield represent a city in Greece and Troy. One of the cities is filled with men dancing and singing and brides marching through the streets, while the other is circled by an army. This army has two plans which split their ranks to share the riches which they have captured or plunder the city and capture more. Turmoil surrounds each city. In one a quarrel breaks out and is brought to ju dgement. Surrounding the other, two armies fight along the river banks killing men and pull off the dead. Both cities are tainted with death, and both house love.

Essay --

There was also the isolation of the USA that was a problem. After each the problems they had while joining World War One, they wanted to be isolated and get away from European problems. They didnt join the League of Nations, which was a mischief for them and made them fainter because the USA was a very powerful country.In addition, there was a problem of foreign policy and aggression. In the early 1930s, Hitler began to pursue many foreign policies. He increased his army by approximately 300,000 soldiers. The Treaty of Versailles only allowed him of 100,000. Hitler also rearmed, which was also against the Treaty and developed secretly an air honorary society to train pilots and built over 1000 aircrafts. Even though he was breaking several terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the League of Nations was doing nothing to stop him, which showed how weak they were becoming. In the Treaty of Versailles, the Saar Land, which was part of Germany, was given to and ran by the League of Nations . In 1935, as the League promised Hitler, a plebiscite occurred. The people of the Saar were to vote if they...

The Glass Ceiling - Does It Still Exist? Essay -- Equality Work Minori

The Glass Ceiling - Does It Still Exist?There are m either questions that come to mind when looking at the structure of any organizations. at heart the social organization, employees face many challenges such as sexual harassment, violence, rape, depression, and discrimination. These issues in their respective organizations are a hindrance to their success and can cause their personalised and career development to suffer. But the key factor that will be focused regarding discrimination is womens struggles advancing in their careers often called the glass pileus effect. In this research, the term glass ceiling will be defined, answer the question Who is affected by such barrier and why, what acts helped pave the way, and determine any recommendations to solve the problem.Glass ceiling is defined as the invisible barrier that keeps women from advancing to high level positions. In the Microsoft Encarta World Encyclopedia, the term glass ceiling is a barrier to career advancement an unofficial but real impediment to somebodys advancement into upper-level management positions because of dissemination based on the persons gender, age, race, ethnicity, or sexual preference. In other words, Glass ceiling is a negative barrier of attitudes and prejudices preventing women and minorities to move up in their corporate ladder. It holds many to stay at their lower level positions and not given a chance to show their abilities and improve themselves. Another definition given to this invisible barrier is it describes cases in which women incur their careers on an equal footing with men, and either lose ground gradually over time, or continue to progress on par with their male opposite number until, at some point, their progress is bloc... ...uarterly. Vol. 46 (December 1997) 148-154 Gerber, Robin D. Tech Rage Pierces the Glass Ceiling. Online Available http//www.academy.umd.edu/AboutUs/news/articles/4-24-00.htm Hardy, Lawrence. Why Teachers Leave. The American School poster Journal. Vol. 186 (June 1999) 12-17 Hernandez, Thomas J. and Morales, Nestor E. Career, Culture, and Compromise Career Development Experiences of Latinas Working in Higher Education. The Career Development Quarterly. Vol. 48 (September 1999) 45-58 Morgan, Laurie A. Glass Ceiling Effect or Cohort Effect? A longitudinal Study of the Gender Earnings Gap for Engineers, 1982 to 1989. American Sociological Review. Vol 63 (August 1998) 479-493 Nelson, Anne V. Its Lonely at the Top. Women.com boil Equal Pay in the Fortune 500? Not yet. Online. Available. http//www.women.com/news/buzz/d1112wagegap.html

No Child Left Behind Act :: essays research papers

ProposalThe No Child Left Behind Act, a federal social program that tries to encourages after school programs should be eliminated and the extra funds given to schools to decide where it goes.The NCLB Act, was designed to improve education and achievement in Americas schools in four clearly outlined ways accountability for results, an emphasis on doing what works based on scientific research, expanded parental options and expanded local control flexibility. Basically the federal government funds schools for after-school programs to try to encourage school participation among students and reduce dropping out of school. Examples of after-school programs funded by the NCLB act are starting and foremost tutoring, then extra-curricular activities such as sports, community service etc.Problems/needThe NCLB Act is not effective because of the current situation of state governments name certain schools failures because of their low exam scores, thereby reducing funding to the school. If the federal government is funding the NCLB Act for after school programs, it would seem that it was funding a non-effective program. I have broken down the consequences as follows.-Low test scores, school gets reduced funding and put under state review.-Teachers fired, less motive for students to detain in school. Schools curriculum is ineffective.-Meaning more money would have to be spent on the NCLB Act for it to compensate the loss of the schools own after-school programs.-So failing a school, based on government standards, just to spend more on it? Digging their own trap hole. indemnity Proposals Based on my understanding of the education that I have received and the changes that I have witnessed, there are many alternatives to the NCLB Act, some of which I shall rationalise below.-Focus on strengthening the curriculum. Subjects should help student in the future. Introduction of GE courses in high school, instead of introducing GE courses in college.

Domestic Violence Against Women and Children Essay -- Violence Against

One of the most complicated issues facing wellness care professionals and governmental agencies today is that of municipal fury. Domestic force play encompasses all violence that is inflicted upon unrivaled family member by another family member. Thus, domestic violence can be described as spouse abuse, child abuse, sibling abuse, or elder abuse. Most authorities suggest that domestic violence is typically expressed in violence against women and children. Such acts of violence can involve wellness care professionals in the treatment of physical injuries, the psychological impact upon the victim, or the aggressive behavior of the abuser. Often governmental agencies are called upon to investigate such matters to consider the safety of the victims or to determine appropriate punishment for the offender. However, given the importance of the bonds and rights of the family that our culture maintains, it is difficult to determine when the situation at home is no ones business and whe n it merits intervention from outside parties in order to protect the welfare of those involved. Despite these difficulties and complexities, domestic violence is considered to be a worldwide health problem necessitating urgent intervention (A Priority Health, 1998). The purpose of this paper is to explore the incidence and treatment regarding domestic violence.IncidenceThe occurrence of domestic violence appears to be a worldwide problem occurring in every nation on earth. The small island of Fiji reports incidents of husbands killing wives over marital disputes (Adinkrah, 1999). Japanese officials refer to domestic violence as a hidden crime (Mieko, 1999). One survey conducted by the local government of Tokyo indicated that one-third of the women interviewed had suffered physical violence from their husbands, violence was repeatedly inflicted on almost seven percent of the women, and over three percent indicated that they had been beaten severely. The government of India suspects that at least five thousand women were burned-out to death in 1991 by their husbands over marital conflicts (Singh & Unnithan, 1999). Although Sweden is generally considered a country sensitive to genial and family issues, it is also plagued with incidents of domestic violence. Consequently, the Swedish government introduced a new offense in 1998 ... ... from maritally violent homes. Families in Society, 75(7), 403-415.A priority health issue. (1998). World Health, 51(5), 15. Reid, S. T. (1991). Crime and criminology, 4th ed. New York Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.Russell, D. E. H. (1984) Sexual exploitation Rape, child sexual abuse, and workplace harassment. Newbury Park, CA Sage.Singh, R. N., & Unnithan, N. P. (1999). Wife burning Cultural cues for lethal violence against women among Asian Indians in the United States. Violence Against Women, 5(6), 641&64979653. Straus, M. A. (1977). Wife-beating How common and why? Victimology, 2(3-4), 443-458.Tutty, L. M., Bidgood, B. A., & Rothe ry, M. A. (1996). Evaluating the feeling of group process and client variables in support groups for battered women. Research on Social Work Practice, 6(3), 308-324.Ways for Child Protective Service social workers and caseworkers to integrate domestic violence issues into case practice. (1997). Public Welfare, 55(3), 10.Ways for Child Protective Service supervisors to integrate domestic violence issues into case practice. (1997). Public Welfare, 55(3), 8.

Behaviorism, Cognitivism and Constructivism

We study about three psychological school of thought Behaviorism, Cognitivism and Constructivism. In this reaction paper I cross off my opinion and attitude and personal analyze about them briefly.One of the point that always think about it is that why some school of thought blab and focus on one factor of human being and deny many other factors of human nature as we see in behavioristic they believe that human nature like a tabula rasa and It assumes that each one behavior and acquisition either reflexes taked by a response to sure arousal within the environment.They didnt mention anything about inherited factors or inner of human obviously the environment, reinforcement and punishment play a great rule in acquisition but they ignore many facet of human mind like creativity activity and looking a learner like golem and passive creature. Radical Behaviorism maintain some important distinction with methodological form they acknowledge the view that organisms be born with innat e behaviors, and overly accept the berth of genes and biological components in behavior. So it is more rational and moderate form of behaviorism.Cognitive theories center around the conceptualization of understudies learning procedures and wrap up the issues of how data is gotten, sorted out, put away, and recovered by the mind. Learning is concerned not such a great amount with what students do but sooner with what they know and how they come to get it. Cognitivism focus on that part of learning which deny in Behaviorism, mental activities of human mind they consider previous acquired knowledge, experiences and diverse abilities of each learners.They emphasize making learning significant furthermore, helping students sort out and pertain new data to existing information in memory. The role of teachers in charge of helping students in sorting out that data in some ideal way. Originators utilize procedures, for example, advance coordinators, analogies, progressive connections, a nd grids to enable students to relate new data to earlier information. This school is more practical and flexible for considering the learner as mobile creature.Constructivism focus on learner and different aspect of attitude in every subject that learners can gain it. Individual and personal learning has a great role in their school. The learners in active mental process of learning should analyze and understand past experiences and adding them more details and knowledge through new experiences. We live in a reliable world we need practical knowledge that useful for our life so activity, knowledge, concept, culture, context are essential factors of process of learning.Plainly the focal point of constructivism is on making intellectual instruments which mirror the astuteness of the way of life in which they are utilized too as the bits of knowledge and encounters of people. There is no destiny for the mere obtaining of fixed, unique, independent ideas or subtle elements. Every di fferent concept can be true and juxtaposition of individual ideas are gathering in social constructivism. In brief word we need all type of thinking in our world and combination of them are useful and meaningful to create more mature human being.In conclusion we can not select the best school of thought. Sometime we need to drill accents by repeation in some case we need to find out individual ability and rational and pragmatic analyze of our students. So I myself think all of them are effective in different situation and it depends on age and level of leaners and goals of lecturers. Combination of them can help us make an attractive method for speech communication learner. Differ ideas and situation can challenge the students and help us to find out which one better work on every individual or group of learner.

Psychology, Theology and Spirituality in Christian Counseling Essay

IntroductionTraditionally, psychology and pietism gestate stood in opposition to each other. Christian counselors felt that the relationship between the two disciplines is essentially adversarial. Those who tried to integrate psychology and theology were criticized for doing so. As time goes by, important insights close human behavior and the importance of spirituality have been high atoniced. As such, the principles of psychotherapy and psychology could do well to heed the lessons offered by theology, specifically the principles of prayer, worship, the Christian centrality of redemption and forgiveness.McMinns book highlighted new theories, techniques, and other important knowledge in psychotherapy and psychology. The book essentially integrates spiritual principles into the practice of psychology and psychotherapy quite of the other way around. Hence, thus far non-Christian counselors passel make example of Christian principles in dealing with their counselees. In the cour se of this integration, McMinn discusses psychology, theology and spirituality and the different aras where they all overlap and where meaningful integration can be achieved in assist mountain deal with different issues in their emotional, mental and overall upbeat. In traditional psychotherapy, religion tends to be relegated to the sidelines and not brought out into the open in discussions. psychology instead relies on human experience, the meanings generated from these experiences and how such meanings impact the life of a well-nighbody. immortals involvement, more or less is relegated to the sideways. On the other hand, theology has placed divinity at the center of visualiseing human behavior and the social processes in the world. Hence, Gods word and the way it is interpreted are utilise in evaluating human experiences and behaviors. Because of the mutual exclusivity of the two disciplines, practitioners of either discipline tended to ignore what the other has to offe r. McMinn, through his book however, poses that the Christian view of humans and of Gods involvement in the lives of people has an important impact in the mental and emotional help of people. Christian practices such as prayer and the instruction of scripture can help a lot in determining the condition of individuals and help them initiate in the process of looking into themselves and evaluating themselves in light of Gods word. If this were done, the counselee will be directed to areas of sin in his life. In a sense, he will not be able to understand the areas of sin unless he has a standard to use. In this case, it is the Scripture with the help of the Holy Spirit that directs the somebodys attention to the areas of sin in his life. When these areas shall have been recognized, then confession can be done. Confession helps the person put a name to the nameless feelings of guilt and shame. When they have been named, then their power over the person tends to loosen. Confession, a di stinct Christian practice, helps the person unload and pour out his heart. This in turn paves the way for forgiveness to comeforgiveness from oneself, from the people involved and from God. Forgiveness then makes redemption possible. regular if the scars of the sins are still in that location, redemption enables a person to walk away from sin and its painful consequences and disunite anew. More than solely starting anew, however, redemption entails being re-integrated into the community and into the world.Response to the Book As a Christian, I was raised in a scenery where the Bible is the authority over major issues in life. As such, I could identify with those who tend to look at Psychology with suspicious eyes. As such, with McMinns book came as an important eye-opener in regards to the benefits that the integration of psychology, theology and spirituality could do in the overall well-being of a person. Confession though is a little difficult to do. Oftentimes, the church fos ters a place where people do not feel safe to confess. Fellowship likewise tends to get broken calibrate because of hypocrisy. People are afraid of opening up, afraid of being looked down as not being enough of a Christian. A friend of exploit was struggling with depression stock-still in the midst of doing ministry for the Sunday School of the church. He did not actively seek help for fear of being damaged in his ministry.By the time he sought help he was under the throes of his depression and needed to have professional help. As a friend, I did not have much to help him because I did not understand enough psychology in helping him. I was loaded with bible verses, which he also knew. I found out that counterbalance if I had tons of bible verses, it was not enough without a easily understanding of how a persons experiences affect his emotions and his well-being. If I simply heeded the need to consult psychology, I would have been in a better position to help my friend even if I were not a professional.During the course of my friends therapy, he related to me the counseling process and it was based almost solely on psychology. Even if God was being brought into discussion because of my friends faith, He was not central in the process. There were also techniques used by the psychotherapist that resembled some of the Christian practices that we were exposed to but were not being practiced in church.At first, I was skeptical of the process because the role of God and of faith has been minimized. As I continued my discussions with my friend, however, there was a noticeable change in my friend and he was indeed becoming better. In one of our conversations, he even talked about his realization that psychology has much to offer to Christians who want to make a difference in the lives of others in terms of counseling and helping head with the challenges of life.Integration of Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality The greatest learning for me in this book is th e idea that three separate disciplines could be integrated for the promotion of the total well-being of a person. Indeed, psychology can help look at the mental aspect of person and help provide additional understanding of the signification of the experiences that people go through. More than that, there are techniques and tools that psychology offers. These can then be used by a Christian counselor in helping a person who is breathing out through a difficult time in his life.Psychology can also help blunt the tendency of theology to centralise too much on sin, guilt, and shame. These concepts however, should not be set aside totally as they are also important in helping a person come to terms with his true situation in life. The role of theology is to bring Gods standards to the settings in which humans find themselves. Gods word stands as the standards in which human behavior may be subjected to.Being Christians, the primary purpose of counseling is to align a persons life in t he standards of God. This is what I am alarmed about in the bookthat in the process of integrating theology and psychology, theology top executive be relegated to the side and psychology takes center stage. There is indeed a place for scientific inquiry and the use of tools and techniques developed by man for the advancement and empowerment of a person.Yet, as Christians, Gods word should be the first basis of truth and standards of behavior. Psychology deals with emotions, thoughts, responses, and other insights from the lives and experiences of humans. Psychology, in itself, might even draw a person away from God and institute a new version of spirituality that may not be in conjunction with the Christian faith.Another question that I had in the course of reading the book concerns the Christian practices and principles. If for example, non-Christian psychologists do recommend the practice of these principles, such practices may simply be practiced for the sole purpose of improv ing the person and not for the original purpose of these principles and practices.Prayer, scripture, confession, forgiveness and redemption are concepts that are heavily Christian in essence. Can they be practiced effectively outside of the Christian context? Moreover, if a Christian counselor would use these practices, would not that be conventional as a means of proselytism?There have been challenges in the integration of psychology into theology. On the other hand, while integrating spiritual principles and practices into psychology has its benefits, there may also be draw confirms. The spirituality of the person may be seen as simply a means of improving ones well-being and not as means of following Christ. Spirituality then might become as simply another tool for man to use instead of being used for the glory of God.Furthermore, the issue of openly promoting Christian practices in the practice of psychology might not be welcome to certain kinds of people. Although it is good to promote Christian practices, there may be issues in terms of their general acceptability, especially because religion is being seen as a highly personal matter.Nonetheless, what I like about the book was the way that McMinn used the term spirituality instead of religion. Spirituality seems to indicate a higher level of significance in the life of people. Christianity as a means to ensuring spiritual and mental health was clearly elucidated by McMinn. He showed in his discussions that Christianity is not simply about church attendance every Sunday. Rather, it is a dynamic faith that can help a person deal with issues on a daily basis.McMinn also was riled against the kind of spirituality that seeks only to serve the interest of an individual, especially the type that integrates this and that from different disciplines. His presentation about the integration of psychology, theology, and spirituality was not only theoretical he presented case studies, which illustrated that Christian ity as a faith is relevant to twenty-first century life.Conclusion The divide between theology and psychology has been going on for a long time in their applicability in counseling. There are those who look at psychology as a rigorously human-made discipline and that it is totally incompatible with theology and the way that Gods word deals with human experiences, emotions, and mental health problems. Yet, in this age, the techniques, tools and strategies offered by psychology can no longer be denied. They also offer something which Christian counselorsprofessional or notcan use. Such techniques however should not be used in themselves. Rather, they should be integrated with Gods word and with theology so that true spirituality may be attained by a person. Spirituality is more than just religion. It takes into account the overall well-being of the person, which is the intent of psychology. It also helps a person align his life with Gods word, which is the find of theology. When ther e is a balance and skillful use of psychology, theology and spirituality, counselors everywhere will be able to look at the benefit of Gods ways for humans. It will also help humans avoid pitfalls and if they fell into such, they can easily consult Gods word and get back on track.

Monitoring Offenders

electronic monitor1 electronic Monitoring of Offenders electronic Monitoring 2 Abstract The contrive discusses several(predicate) information and sources n early electronic monitor of wrongdoers. The project includes a brief history of how it came most, oppo point literature reviews about the topic, images of windings utilize to give the audience an idea of how supervise wrongdoers work, engagementful web localizes to look up gain ground claimation about electronic monitor of offenders, and some graphs and data of various offenders specifyd chthonian theatre of operations arrest and electronically monitored in the community.The main condense of the project is to provide an understanding of how electronic observe is exercisingd byout the join differentiates and some different parts of the world. Electronic monitor is a delegacy of addressing e truly offenders move and location through a computer via satellite or GPS ( orbicular Positioning System). Electroni c Monitoring3 Table of Contents Topic fundamental principle surgical incision. Pp. 4-7 Literature polish up Pp. 8-13 Website References Section.. Pp. 14-18 Data Files. Pp. 19-21 Topic Explanation Section. Pp. 22-25 AppendicesPp. 26-27 Electronic Monitoring4 Topic Basics Electronic monitor became a very useful way of serving a displaceence for criminals. It bear be used in many ways track atomic reactor the prison houseers every move, sense to see if the person is drinking inebriant or taking narcotics. The device that is used keep be traced back to the agency through via satellite or Global Positioning System (GPS). Electronic observe is important in the criminal justice system because its useful engineering science in supervise invoke offenders and those on probation or discussion.I also think it is important that it decreases prison population and less expensive. It costs a lot to a greater extent than(prenominal) money to sentence someone to prison than to sentence someone to house arrest under electronic monitoring. According to Burrell, it costs about ten dollars a day to monitor an offender who is placed under house arrest. When it comes to energise offenders, I think electronic monitoring is important. For example, a wake offender faeces non be within a 100 feet of a school and the electronic monitoring can tell the agency if he/she has passed by a school term going to work. hearth arrest is when the judge places you on place parturiency or detention, he/she orders you to abide by specific terms and conditions that restrict your freedom and mobility. aft(prenominal) all, home confinement is still punishment. Its simply more desirable than handed-down incarceration. These terms include curfew restrictions, random drug testing, and home visits by a probation or parole officer. Depending on how severe the crime that was perpetrate, the judge whitethorn not even allow the offender to attend work or school, travel to medical exam ap pointments, or tend to family obligations. Electronic Monitoring5Electronic monitoring was developed back in the mid-1960s by a psychologist named Robert Schwitzgebel. It was inspired by the comic book of Spiderman (Burrell 2008) when the villain would track down the heros every move through a device. It led to the idea that instead of sending misdemeanor offenders to prison but preferably incarcerate them in their home. In 1983, the first house arrest with electronic monitoring was sentenced by Judge Jack Love of Albuquerque, New Mexico (Howard 2001). Electronic monitoring became much touristyized in the 1980s and was extensively used as an alternative to incarceration in jail or prison.Electronic monitoring is also an adjunct to traditional probation or parole supervision. Today, a couple of decades later, electronic monitoring shows renewed popularity with the interests of legislators (Burrell 2008). According to Ho wellspring (2010), there be two main characters of electroni c monitoring. One type is straightly signaling, which content that a transmitter is strapped to the subject and it broadcasts a coded signal oer a telephone line at regular intervals. For example, this type can see if the offender is entering or exiting the prescribe of unit (U. S. plane section of Justice 1988).Anformer(a) type of electronic monitoring is called programmed contact. This means that a computer pass on contact the offender to see if he/she is home or if they be violating their curfew. The computer pull up s births then verify if he/she has verified their location and if its the offender as well. Basic equipment that is used in this process is a simple ankle bracelet that looks similar to a beeper strapped nearly the offenders ankle. The device then sends out a 24-hour signal to the monitoring agency, and the agency will be notified if the offender tampers with the device. The device is linked to the agency via Global Positioning System (GPS).GPS is the most ad vanced of the home detention devices. It uses commercial cellular networks to transmit data 24-hours a Electronic Monitoring6 day to the monitoring agency. GPS tracking allows the lapse agency to create specific inclusion body and exclusion zones, mapping, and tracking. The agency knows your ask whereabouts at all times (Shouse Law). Nationwide, EMD programs are currently at an exploratory stage. In February 1987, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) conducted a survey of 53 electronic monitoring programs in 21 States, indicating that 800 offenders were being monitored.The typical offender was a sentenced male under the age of 30 in fact. Nearly 90 percent of the offenders were male, amongst age 14 and 78. About one-third were convicted for major craft law violations particularly drunk driving. In February 1988, NIJs 1 day count be that monitors were being used in 32 States on approximately 2,500 offenders (NIJ 1988). These are some major issues some legislators have to debate about with electronic monitoring. According to the NIJ, electronic monitoring in the beginning was lonesome(prenominal) used for monitoring and verifying the offenders every move.As time passed, the engine room of electronic monitoring became more advanced. The Secure Continuous Remote Alcohol Monitor (SCRAM) device is only ordered for the defendant, by the judge, who has been convicted of alcoholic beverage-related offenses (or who the judge conceives whitethorn have an issue with alcohol). This alcohol bracelet continuously monitors alcohol concentration, not your whereabouts (Shouse Law). While blood and breath tests only survey sobriety at a specific point in time, SCRAM samples the offenders sweat every half hour.This gives you complete 24/7 coverage, rather than just a snapshot look at when your offenders are on their best behavior. SCRAMs flexible reporting functionality lets you specify how you insufficiency to receive culture on each monitored offender fro m full historical data to exception- ground reporting. Either way, you receive the data you need on who offended, when Electronic Monitoring7 they offended, and the train of alcohol they hired. Another advanced device of electronic monitoring that has been made in the 21st Century is the drug reconcile. Drug patches are sometimes used to monitor those convicted of drug offenses. These patches are removed and replaced weekly. Once removed, they are tested for traces of marijuana, heroin, PCP, cocaine, and methamphetamines (SHouseLaw). According to calcium law, when the monitoring agency receives an alert that you have break the exact terms and conditions that were imposed in connection with your house arrest, it notifies your probation or parole officer. California probation laws allow the probation or parole officer to arrest the offender without relying on a California arrest warrant.If the offender is following a probation or parole violation hearing, the judge must believe th at the offender have violated the terms of his/her home detention. The judge may revoke the offenders house arrest and order that person to serve the remainder of their sentence in jail or prison. This may lead to an economic enigma in that nation. Sentencing someone to prison cost over millions of dollars while electronic monitoring is only ten dollars a day (Burrell 2008). Electronic monitoring is important for the low cost it provides for the economy and justice can be served with community supervision.After learning a few bases on electronic monitoring, I have a bit of knowledge about how it is used and works technically. The basic instruments used for house arrest are things I already knew about before starting this project. However, I did not know about electronic monitoring devices that dealt with alcohol use and drug use. I would hope to become a probation officer after graduating college. The information provided for me was very useful in completing the project. Electroni c Monitoring8 Literature Review 1) Bales, W. , Mann, K. , Blomberg, T. , McManus, B. , & Dhungana, K. (2010).Electronic Monitoring in Florida. Journal of Offender Monitoring, 22(2), 5-12. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. The obligate provides an overview of the electronic monitoring program (EM) employed in Florida. A variety of supervision modalities in supervising felony offenders is depicted. It looks at the history and existence of the EM program stressing the changes in technology. The law and policies related to the operation are discussed and the current cost of EM to the state and the offenders is examined. Moreover, the conformation restrictions placed on specified types of sex offenders is expounded. ) DeMichele, M. , Payne, B. K. , & Button, D. M. (2008). Electronic Monitoring of Sex Offenders Identifying Unanticipated Consequences and Implications. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 46(3/4), 119-135. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. In recent age, extendd legislative concern has been given to strategies to supervise sex offenders in the community. Among other policies, several states have passed laws calling for the use of electronic monitoring technologies to supervise sex offenders in the community. When ab initio developed, this community-based sanction was designed for less serious offenders.As a result, probation and parole officers who have been utilise electronic monitoring technologies have likely had little exposure to the sex offender population. Alternatively, those who have historically worked with sex offenders have had little exposure to electronic monitoring strategies. In the end, those supervising sex offenders in the community will need to be familiar with two divergent areas. 3) Cotter, R. , & Lint, W. (2009). GPS-Electronic Monitoring and Contemporary Penology A Case Study of US GPS-Electronic Monitoring Programmes.Howard Journal of miserable Justice, 48(1), 76-87. doi10. 1111/j. 1468-2311. 2008. 00545. x Criminologists have noted a significant reorientation of criminal justice policy. Initially this reorientation was most dramatically articulated by Feeley and Simon (1992) , who suggested that penalty has shifted from the modern to new penology. Criticisms of the binary modern and new penology model has led to the contemporary understanding of penalty through a leashfold model of punishment-punitive, rehabilitative-humanistic and managerial-surveillant discourses.This research represents an empirically-based attempt to locate GPS-electronic monitoring within this threefold model. 4) Martin, J. S. , Hanrahan, K. , & Bowers, J. H. (2009). Offenders Perceptions of House Arrest and Electronic Monitoring. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 48(6), 547-570. doi10. 1080/10509670903081359 This article reports on a believe designed to examine the perceptions of house arrest (HA) and electronic monitoring (EM) among offenders who have recently experienced this criminal sentence.Data were gathered via a self-administer ed questionnaire and go across interviews with a sample of offenders. Our primary areas of interest were to assess (a) the extent to which HA and EM are perceived as punitive, (b) the extent to which this sanction collisions the offenders at home and at work, and (c) to explore the ways in which this criminal sanction impacts family members. While HA with EM was perceived as being less severe than incarceration, it is lapse that HA with EM is experienced as a punitive criminal sanction.Electronic Monitoring 9 5) Pattavina, A. (2009). The Use of Electronic Monitoring as Persuasive engineering Reconsidering the Empirical Evidence on the Effectiveness of Electronic Monitoring. Victims Offenders, 4(4), 385-390. doi10. 1080/15564880903260611 The growing collection of evidence-based research reviews regarding criminal justice practices and programs is making an important contribution to the athletic field in terms of identifying what works, what doesnt and whats promising.The purpose of this article will be to present the challenges and prospects associated with using evidence-based research reviews as a basis for promoting change in the practise of electronic monitoring to individuals. In particular, the discussion will focus on how what we have learned about electronic monitoring from past reviews can inform the next generation of monitoring technologies for promoting offender change. 6) Hucklesby, A. (2011). The working life of electronic monitoring officers. Criminology lamentable Justice An International Journal, 11(1), 59-76. doi10. 177/1748895810392185 Monitoring officers are answerable for putting electronic monitoring (EM) policy into practice and ensuring that offenders are monitored and that alleged non-compliance is investigated. Arguably, they are a new criminal justice profession and exploring their working value and practices is important if we are to understand how EM operates and to address questions about its rigiveness. This article expl ores monitoring officers attitudes to their work and their working practices. It highlights how safety concerns impact upon their work and identifies a range of strategies which are used to deal with their anxieties.It also examines whether monitoring officers have an identifiable occupational culture concluding that while they share a working orientation, a strong cohesive occupational culture is absent. However, variations in working values were identified among monitoring officers, which mirror the range of working credos identified in other criminal justice professionals. The extent to which the work of monitoring officers is affected by EM being operated by the private sector is also explored as well as the policy implications of the adjustings. ) Blackwell, B. , Payne, B. , Prevost, J. (2011). Measuring Electronic Monitoring Tools The Influence of Vendor Type and Vendor Data. American Journal Of Criminal Justice, 36(1), 17-28. doi10. 1007/s12103-010-9100-4 The rise in the u se of electronic monitoring tools for management of individuals in both pretrial and post-release correctional stages of the criminal justice system necessitates increased collaboration of criminal justice personnel with private sector companies that provide monitoring services.Given this shift, it is necessary to explore whether agency employees perceive that different vendors are providing levels or quality of services. This take on indicates that parole officers perceive very few real discrepancys in the monitoring services, equipment used, and ease of installation and deactivation of such equipment across two different vendors. The primary difference identified was in the costs of such services. 8) Electronic Monitoring. (2011). Probation Parole Law Reports, 32(5), 84-86.The article discusses the findings of various suits about electronic monitoring of probationers in the U. S. The State v. Franklin case is highlighted which involves Thomas Franklin who remained on intensive supervision after being released from the residential program at Stark Regional Community Correctional Center (SRCCC). The State v. Kandutsch case which addresses issues concerning the use of a computer report generated by an electronic monitoring device is also emphasized. Electronic Monitoring10 9) KILLIAS, M. , GILLIERON, G. KISSLING, I. , VILLETTAZ, P. (2010). Community Service Versus Electronic MonitoringWhat Works Better? Results of a Randomized Trial. British Journal Of Criminology, 50(6), 1155-1170. doi10. 1093/bjc/azq050 The present study is based on a controlled experiment in Switzerland with 240 subjects every which way assigned either to community service or to electronic monitoring. Measures of outcome include reconvictions, self-reported delinquency and several measures of social integration such as marriage, income and debts.The findings, based on subjects who successfully completed their sanction, suggest, with marginal significance, that those assigned to electro nic monitoring reoffended less than those assigned to community service, that they were more often married and lived under more favorable financial circumstances. Electronic monitoring may be an alternative to non-custodial sanctions. With increasing demands for non-custodial sanctions, it is crucial having more alternatives available. 10) Marklund, F. , Holmberg, S. (2009). Effects of early release from prison using electronic tagging in Sweden.Journal Of Experimental Criminology, 5(1), 41-61. doi10. 1007/s11292-008-9064-2 The meta-analyses that have to date been published provide no support for the contention that the use of electronic monitoring (EM) in the home as a substitute for the whole or part of a prison sentence might produce any domineering effect in relation to reoffending. The few studies that these analyses are based on have a number of shortcomings, however several of them are very small, and they often omit to provide a complete description of the elements that e lectronic monitoring programs include in addition to the monitoring itself.The study presented in this article has produced more positive results however. It focuses on the first 260 individuals to participate in an early release program that included electronic monitoring in the home. This group was compared with a register-based control group. In addition to electronic monitoring by means of an ankle bracelet, it was obligatory for program participants to have a daily occupation, which could be arranged by the prison and probation service if necessary, and they were subject to regular sobriety controls.The early release group reoffended to a significantly lesser extent than the control group did. It is not possible, however, to state to what extent this was a result of the electronic monitoring in the home or of the other elements included in the program. When the group was trichotomised on the basis of levels of preliminary involvement in crime, it was found that the difference between the early release group and the control group was particularly large among those with mediocre levels of previous criminality. 11) Button, D. M. , DeMichele, M. , Payne, B.K. (2009). exploitation Electronic Monitoring to Supervise Sex Offenders Legislative Patterns and Implications for Community Corrections spotlightrs. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 20(4), 414-436. The contemporary crime control policy line of business is one in which many states and the federal government are passing increasingly punitive legislation authorizing, and often, requiring electronic monitoring of sex offenders. This article reviews exploratory legal data on relevant state codes of all 50 states in the joined States. The authors review state statutes regulating he electronic monitoring of sex offenders to identify the characteristics of the legislation, the necessity of the laws, and the implications for probation and parole agencies and officers. Eight patterns are identified through the content analysis of recent legislation regarding electronic monitoring of sex offenders. Policy implications are identified. Electronic Monitoring11 12) Barton, S. M. , Roy, S. (2008). Convicted Drunk Drivers in an Electronic Monitoring Program A Preliminary Study. International Journal Of Criminal Justice Sciences, 3(1), 28-43.In the United States, electronic monitoring home detention programs were officially started in Palm Beach County, Florida, in 1984. Researchers have been assessing these programs since late 1980s. However, little attention has been paid to the impact of these programs on convicted drunk drivers. This study focuses on drunk drivers sentenced to electronic monitoring home detention program in a southwestern Indiana county from January 2002 to celestial latitude 2003. Specifically, the objective of this study is to examine the characteristics of program participants and their exit status. 13) Padgett, K. G. , Bales, W. D. Bloomberg, T. G. (2006). at a lower pl ace control An empirical test of the effectiveness and consequences of electronic monitoring. Criminology Public Policy, 5(1), 61-91. doi10. 1111/j. 1745-9133. 2006. 00102. x This study addresses the effectiveness of electronic monitoring (EM) for serious offenders supervised in the community. Using data on 75,661 offenders placed on home confinement in Florida from 1998 to 2002, we find that both radio-frequency and global positioning system monitoring significantly centralize the likelihood of technical violations, reoffending, and absconding for this population of offenders.Additionally, we find that offenders placed on home confinement with EM are significantly more serious than those placed on home confinement without EM, which casts doubt on the anticipated net-widening effect of this particular intermediate sanction. Policy Implications Given the anticipated increase in the use of EM in the immediate future, policy makers will surely be faced with questions about its effec tiveness in preventing or deterring further criminal activity among offenders in the community, as well as concerns about the intensity of urveillance it affords and a subsequent increase in the likelihood of a prison sentence or return to prison for technical violations. 14) Yeh, S. S. (2010). Cost-benefit analysis of bring down crime through electronic monitoring of parolees and probationers. Journal Of Criminal Justice, 38(5), 1090-1096. doi10. 1016/j. jcrimjus. 2010. 08. 001 The objective of this study was to estimate the benefits and costs of using electronic monitoring (EM) and home detention to reduce crime committed by parolees and probationers.Data from a national survey of state prison inmates was adjusted and used to estimate the number of crimes that would have been committed by all parolees and probationers over the course of one year in the absence of EM and home detention. The data were analyzed in combination with existing analyses of the effectiveness and costs of EM and home detention and the economic costs of crime to estimate the benefit-cost ratio of nationwide implementation of EM and home detention with all parolees and probationers. EM positive(p) home detention could avert an estimated 781,383 crimes every year.The social value of the annual reduction in crime is $481. 1billion. Society would gain $12. 70 for every dollar expended on the proposed intervention. EM plus home detention could be an effective deterrent to crime and could have enormous social benefits, curiously if it is applied early and saves what would otherwise be habitual offenders from a life of crime. 15) Nellis, M. (2006). Surveillance, rehabilitation, and electronic monitoring Getting issues clear. Criminology Public Policy, 5(1), 103-108. doi10. 1111/j. 1745-9133. 2006. 00104. The author states that while there are reasons to believe that both radio-frequency and global positioning forms of electronic monitoring add some control over an offender that convention al Electronic Monitoring12 probation supervision cannot provide, there are no good reasons to believe that they have a rehabilitative effect by themselves. Restricting offenders to their homes or tracking their movements cannot accomplish the real goal of changing offenders attitudes and cannot equip them with skills that enable them to desist from crime. 6) Is Electronic Monitoring Equivalent to Imprisonment?. (2011). Journal of Offender Monitoring, 23(2), 5-6. The article discusses a flirt case wherein Brian Horsman who was charged by the State of Illinois with felony driving with revoked license has requested the court that he be placed on electronic home monitoring as a means of fulfilling the statutory requirement that he be sentenced to imprisonment. 17) Haverkamp, R. , Mayer, M. , & Levy, R. (2004). Electronic Monitoring in Europe. European Journal Of Crime, Criminal Law & Criminal Justice, 12(1), 36-45. oi10. 1163/1571817041268847 This article deals with the practice of el ectronic monitoring in European prisons. As of 2004, most industrial societies in Western Europe have found themselves burdened with overcrowded prisons and limited financial resources. Allegedly, more repressive crime policies led to the sentencing of longer prison sentences for violent, drug and sexual offenders. Restrictive reforms concerning parole, aggravations in sentencing and categorization caused increases in the time actually spent in prison for many inmates.In addition, nearly all countries opting to use electronic monitoring have such conditions in common. Within such a context, electronic monitoring can be seen as one of the most promising alternatives to incarceration specifically adopted for the relief of the problem of overcrowding. Apparently, electronic monitoring was already in use in many Western European countries. Projects using electronic monitoring are well-established in the penal and correctional systems in England, Sweden and the Netherlands.Pilot projects can be observed in Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Switzerland and Spain. One objective was to analyze the normative frameworks of electronic monitoring in the Western European countries which ran a trial or utilise a program on the option. 18) Electronic Monitoring Is Not Detention. (2011). Journal of Offender Monitoring, 23(2), 18. The article discusses a court case wherein minor Lorenzo L. was confined to the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation after he admitted that he committed kidnapping, street terrorism, and assault with a deadly weapon.The defendant appealed arguing that the juvenile court failed to award him predispositional credit for 28 days he spent in an electronic monitoring program. The court rejected Lorenzos contention since his electronic monitoring was not physical confinement. 19) Armstrong, G. S. , relieveman, B. C. (2011). Examining GPS monitoring alerts triggered by sex offenders The divergence of legislative goals and pract ical application in community corrections. Journal Of Criminal Justice, 39(2), 175-182. doi10. 1016/j. jcrimjus. 2011. 01. 006 The purpose of this article is bout legislative mandates that require GPS monitoring of offenders add to the existing logistical complexities of community supervision. Challenges in implementing GPS policies and practices are heightened by the lack of sound empirical research. Studies examining the relationships between GPS monitoring of sex offenders in the community and the legislative goals of public safety, deterrence, and cost effectiveness are virtually nonexistent. To begin to address this gap in the literature, this study examines the impact of a Electronic Monitoring13 tatutorily-based GPS monitoring program for adult sex offenders convicted of dangerous crimes against children and placed under community supervision. 20) Renzema, M. , Mayo-Wilson, E. (2005). Can electronic monitoring reduce crime for moderate to high-risk offenders?. Journal Of Exp erimental Criminology, 1(2), 215-237. doi10. 1007/s11292-005-1615-1 All electronic monitoring(EM) programs aim to suppress the criminal behavior of offenders being monitored and its advocates have of all time hoped EM could be instrumental in reducing long-term recidivism.This review investigates the history of EM and the extent to which EM empirically affects criminal behavior in moderate to high-risk populations. All available recidivism studies that included at least one comparison group between the first impact study in 1986 and 2002 were considered for the review. Although variants such as GPS tracking and continuous testing for alcohol in perspiration have recently emerged, no studies of these technologies were found that met the reviews inclusion criteria. Studies are examined and combined for meta-analysis where appropriate.Given its continued and widespread use and the dearth of reliable information about its effects, the authors conclude that applications of EM as a tool f or reducing crime are not supported by existing data. Properly controlled experiments would be required to draw stronger conclusions about the effects of EM. Electronic Monitoring14 Website Reference Section This section will be based on different websites from the World Wide Web where you will be able to look up information about electronic monitoring.The websites provide useful information on different types of electronic monitoring and different methods that are used almost the United States and other countries around the world. The websites may also provide some statistics about those under monitored watch. construct of internet site Center for Criminology and Public Policy Research uniform resource locator of place www. criminologycenter. fsu. edu uniform resource locator of paginate http//www. criminologycenter. fsu. edu/p/electronic-monitoring. php go through of adit declination 16, 2011 This site discusses different research done on electronic monitoring.It begins to talk about different statistics about offenders monitored under electronic monitoring. For example, it says As early as 2000, more than 30,000 criminal offenders living in the community in the U. S. were monitored by electronic surveillance equipment for at least one day. The site is hold by the Florida State Universitys Criminology Center and its most recent update was on May 18th, 2009. Name of send State of Michigan Department of Corrections universal resource locator of post www. michigan. gov URL of foliate http//www. michigan. gov/corrections/0,4551,7-119-1435_1498-5032,00. tml Date of Access declination 16, 2011 This page dialogue about the different programs the state of Michigan has about electronic monitoring system. It also discusses a brief history of how the system became more used end-to-end the state during the 1980s. It then gives information on different devices the Corrections use to track offenders. The site is maintained by the State of Michigan. Name of point Free Advice URL of range www. freeadvice. com URL of Pagehttp//criminal-law. freeadvice. com/criminal-law/parole_probation/house_ar rest. htm Date of Access celestial latitude 16, 2011The site is search engine website for law advice and other criminal law topics. The page discusses different key terms about the topic of electronic monitoring. For example, it tells us what house arrest is and how it is monitored. The site is maintained by Gerry Goldsholle and was last updated on June 02, 2009. Name of locate Oakland County Michigan Community Corrections Division URL of Site www. oakgov. com URL of Page http//www. oakgov. com/commcorr/program_service/electronic_monitor. html Date of Access December 16, 2011 Electronic Monitoring15 This site provides different technology used in the countys corrections unit.It talks about how it is used throughout the entire county and the programs they provide for different offenders. The last update was on October 12, 2006 and is maintai ned by the State of Michigan. Name of Site Electronic Monitoring Resource Center URL of Site www. du. edu URL of Page https//emresourcecenter. nlectc. du. edu/ Date of Access December 16, 2011 The page discusses on data of electronic monitoring use in the Denver area of Colorado. The features are outlined in different categories from types and different genders of offenders. The page is maintained by the University of Denver and was last updated May 20, 2010.Name of Site DUI Foundation URL of Site www. duifoundation. com URL of Page www. duifoundation. org/legalguide/sentencingalternatives/electronicmonitoring/ Date of Access December 16, 2011 The page discusses on how electronic monitoring works on an alcoholic who is under house arrest due to a DUI incident they committed. It talks about the device used on alcoholics to track down if they are consuming alcoholic beverages throughout the day 24/7. The owners of the website information was withheld and the site was last update on Ju ne 10, 2011. Name of Site Leaders in Community Alternatives, Inc.URL of Site www. lcaservices. com URL of Page http//www. lcaservices. com/pages/equipment. htmlgps Date of Access December 16, 2011 The LCA, Inc. website discusses on the different equipment used to monitor offenders electronically. Its basically like an advertisement for law enforcers so that they may use their technology to track down offenders however, it provides useful information on the different devices. The website is maintained by Jesse Dudan and was last updated on May 16, 2011. Name of Site Electronic Monitoring Services. LLC URL of Site www. indyems. orgURL of Page http//indyems. org/monitoring. aspx Date of Access December 17, 2011 The website talks about different data and devices used on an offender while under house arrest. The site is maintained by Marvin Royston Jr. and was last updated on February 28, 2011. Name of Site Office of Justice Program URL of Site http//www. ojp. usdoj. gov/ URL of Page htt p//www. ojp. usdoj. gov/BJA/pdf/IACPSexOffenderElecMonitoring. pdf Date of Access December 17, 2011 This site is a PDF file and provides information of keeping track of sex offenders in the community through GPS surveillance.The website is maintained by the Office of Justice in Washington D. C. and has no recent update. Electronic Monitoring16 Name of Site National Audit Office URL of Site www. nao. org. uk URL of Page http//www. nao. org. uk/publications/0506/the_electronic_monitoring_of_a. aspx Date of Access December 17, 2011 The website provides information about the programs used in the United Kingdom for electronic monitoring. It provides a full report of offenders under surveillance of electronic monitoring. The site is maintained by the National Audit Office and was last updated on November 1, 2011.Name of Site The British Journal of Criminology URL of Site www. oxfordjournals. org URL of Page http//bjc. oxfordjournals. org/content/31/2/165. short Date of Access December 17, 2011 This website provides information about how the British go about electronic monitoring around the country. This website is maintained by the Oxford University Press and was last updated on October 5, 2009. Name of Site National Criminal Justice Reference Service URL of Site www. ncjrs. gov URL of Page https//www. ncjrs. gov/app/abstractdb/AbstractDBDetails. aspx? d=176698 Date of Access December 17, 2011 This site provides information and data about the costs of electronic monitoring throughout the United States of America. It gives some background information of electronic monitoring of offenders and how it costs a little less than sending someone to prison. Name of Site National Criminal Justice Reference Service URL of Site www. ncjrs. gov URL of Page https//www. ncjrs. gov/App/abstractdb/AbstractDBDetails. aspx? id=116750 Date of Access December 17, 2011 The website is a government website by the Department of Justice.The information provided gives an article about the eff ectiveness of electronic monitoring of offenders throughout the United States. It shows points of views by offenders and also correction officers. Name of Site Springer Link URL of Site www. springerlink. com URL of Page http//www. springerlink. com/content/w6x762q2242n8l44/ Date of Access December 17, 2011 This site discusses the traits offenders do while they are incarcerated under house arrest. This shows the different opinions of offenders. more or less believe its better than prison while others think that its torture. The site is maintained by Springer Science Business Media B.V. and was last updated on January 30, 2011. Name of Site National Criminal Justice Reference Service URL of Site www. ncjrs. gov URL of Page https//www. ncjrs. gov/App/abstractdb/AbstractDBDetails. aspx? id=139140 Date of Access December 17, 2011 Electronic Monitoring 17 This website provides more information about the effectiveness and technology that has been used to track down different offenders. This article focuses mainly on the sex offenders and how they can be a danger in society even if theyre under electronic monitoring and following up with their parole officer.Name of Site National Criminal Justice Reference Service URL of Site www. ncjrs. gov URL of Page https//www. ncjrs. gov/App/abstractdb/AbstractDBDetails. aspx? id=108602 Date of Access December 17, 2011 The site is provided by the US Department of Justice. This page provides an article based on how different methods are used to make sure the offender is properly placed within their boundaries if you may say and that theyre not going elsewhere. Name of Site National Criminal Justice Reference Service URL of Site www. ncjrs. gov URL of Page https//www. ncjrs. gov/App/abstractdb/AbstractDBDetails. aspx? d=176261 Date of Access December 17, 2011 The website provided can give useful resources and information about tracking down drug addicts with the Drug Patch. It detects whether or not an offender who had a drug pr oblem and was incarcerated in the past if they are taking illegal narcotics in their system. Name of Site Google URL of Site www. google. com URL of Page http//www. google. com/patents? hl=enlr=vid=USPAT4736196id=XW46AAAAEBAJoi=fnddq=electronic+monitoring+offendersprintsec=abstractv=onepageq=electronic%20monitoring%20offendersf=false Date of Access December 17, 2011The source was found via Google Patents. This site provides a diagram and blueprint of a home detention monitoring device. It shows what parts of the device gives off the alarm to alert officials that the offender has left hand the premises and how it carries out via satellite. This website is maintained by Google, Inc and was last updated on July 20, 2011. Name of Site National Criminal Justice Reference Service URL of Site www. ncjrs. gov URL of Page https//www. ncjrs. gov/App/abstractdb/AbstractDBDetails. aspx? id=190283 Date of Access December 17, 2011The website of the page above provides information about juveniles under electronic monitoring. The article suggested that electronic monitoring is not a harsh punishment and juveniles may most likely be placed under house arrest or probation. Electronic Monitoring18 Name of Site Google URL of Site www. google. com URL of Page http//books. google. com/books? hl=enlr=id=mCOfWKwfpQYCoi=fndpg=PA224dq=electronic+monitoring+offendersots=H6cgo3OoGdsig=sKrBNiIgGjT_kxe0gcoehWJrT7Qv=onepageq=electronic%20monitoring%20offendersf=false Date of Access December 17, 2011The article was found via Google Books. The article is a chapter from a book and talks about the average crimes committed in order to be placed under house arrest. Usually those crimes are less serious but you can be on parole and be under electronic monitoring. This site is maintained by Google, Inc. and was last updated on August 23, 2011. Electronic Monitoring19 Data Files Source U. S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics (2004) Compendium of Federal Justice Statistics, NCJ 21 3476 Washington, DC U. S. Department of Justice p. 95. Electronic Monitoring20 Source U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prison and Jail Inmates at Mid year 2000, air NCJ 185989, p. 6 2003, Bulletin NCJ 203947, p. 7 2005, Bulletin NCJ 213133, p. 7 2006, Bulletin NCJ 217675, p. 21 Jail Inmates at Midyear 2010-Statistical Tables, NCJ 233431, p. 12 (Washington, DC U. S. Department of Justice). Table adapted by SOURCEBOOK Electronic Monitoring21 Number of Offenders Under Home Detention 1995-2010 Source U. S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Prison and Jail Inmates at Mid year 2000, Bulletin NCJ 185989, p. 2003, Bulletin NCJ 203947, p. 7 2005, Bulletin NCJ 213133, p. 7 2006, Bulletin NCJ 217675, p. 21 Jail Inmates at Midyear 2010-Statistical Tables, NCJ 233431, p. 12 (Washington, DC U. S. Department of Justice). Table adapted by SOURCEBOOK staff. Electronic Monitoring22 Topic Explanation Electronic monitoring of offenders has been around since the early 1980s. Since then, the technology used has enhanced in many different ways. The technology started from a simple ankle bracelet to technology letting government activity know if you have been taking drugs or drinking alcoholic beverages.The legal definition of electronic monitoring means that it allows the release of a person into the community, during what could have been jail time, and obliging the individual to account book his or her whereabouts at all times or on regular intervals using electronic or telecommunication devices (Duhaime. org 2009). Electronic monitoring is a frequent feature of a probation or bail order. Electronic monitoring was inspired by a Spiderman comic book that was read by Judge Jack Love of New Mexico (Howard 2001). Judge Love thought to create a real device from the comic book with the help of an electronics technician in 1983.On that same year, Love sentenced his first offender to house arrest with electronic monitoring ( Howard 2001). Most electronic monitoring devices do not simply track the offenders movement, but they simply confirm whether the subject is at an approved place approved times (Howard 2001). A Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) technology is the most common device used in electronic monitoring. This type of technology allows a correctional client to be precisely located around the world for 24 hours and 7 days a week. However, as technology develops, there are three really important pieces of technology in electronic monitoring.They are, regular house arrest ankle bracelets, SCRAMx, and drug patches. All these technologies are the most common use of detecting not only an offenders location, but also his or her alcohol in-take. The SCRAMx System began over the past six years. This device became popular in the courts by issuing them to those who are dangerous to the public due to their profligate drinking. Electronic Monitoring23 The SCRAMx combines with the continuous alcohol monito ring (CAM) which detects the alcohol in-take of an offender.What makes SCRAMx different is that it is alcohol monitoring combined with house arrest technology (Alcohol Monitoring 2011). After the court has sentenced someone to be under house arrest due to excessive alcohol or drunk driving, they must wear the SCRAMx bracelet. The SCRAMx bracelet tests for alcohol every 30 minutes throughout the day, 24/7. It also monitors curfews and schedules of when an offender can be home or go to work/school. The SCRAMx bracelet also incorporates multiple sensors to detect attempted tampers, obstructions, or removal attempts (Alcohol Monitoring Systems 2011).All of this information is sent from the bracelet to the SCRAMx Base Station. The Base Station is plugged into an analog telephone line at the offenders home or work place and uploads all available data from the SCRAMx bracelet. After it stores the information, it sends alcohol readings, tamper alerts, and diagnostic data to what is called S CRAMnet for further readings. SCRAMnet analyzes the data it receives from the base station and identifies any alerts such as, alcohol consumption, environmental interference, tampers/removals, and missed communications.The SCRAMnet will alert the agency or appropriate contact person if the offender has violated any of his/her sentence. This technology will take all the recorded data will send it to the official via LCD screen with graphs and charts of every test or tamper report. These reports can be accessed around the clock from any location using a standard web browser and you may taking into custody on multiple offenders who are under this device. In my opinion, the ways this device can improve are that everyone who goes out to drink at the bar and were driving should wear one.If the drinker has gone over the portion of drinking, the device should alert police officers and make sure that person isnt driving when they leave the bar. Electronic Monitoring 24 Drug patches are ano ther(prenominal) type of electronic monitoring. These devices are sometime used to monitor those convicted of violating drug laws. The drug patches are a lot similar to the SCRAMx device only difference is, once you remove the patch, it automatically tests for drugs of many kinds. The patch tests for traces of marijuana, heroin, PCP, cocaine, and methamphetamines.Just like the SCRAMx, the drug patch will alert governance if someone has taken drugs. The drug patch is removed and replaced weekly. The patch takes the sweat and bodily fluids from the skin and hair which then is test for drugs on a scanner. House arrest comes into play here because the offender is also wearing the ankle bracelet so authorities know where the offender is located and not violating their parole release. The problem with this technology is that the cost may increase because two different types of electronic monitoring are in use at the same time.As technology becomes more advanced as the years go by, the dr ug patch should be just like the SCRAMx device. The drug patch should be able to report any signs of drug use to authorities right away 24/7. The drug patch should also be able to determine the location of the offender. The offender should be home or at work while under the drug patch. The final piece of technology with electronic monitoring is the basic house arrest ankle bracelet. This sentence is usually given to misdemeanor offenses and those sentenced to probation or released on parole (Howard 2001). This device is basic and it works very simple.The ankle bracelet is worn by the offender and it gives data and exact location of the offender to a base station device. The offender will most likely have a curfew and has only a real amount of time to go to work and back home. The ankle bracelet will send off alerts to the base station and will alert authorities about the offenders whereabouts. The bracelet will also send out an alert if the device has been tampered with or removed off the offenders ankle. The problem with Electronic Monitoring25 the offender removing the ankle bracelet is that he or she may remove it and attach it onto an animal passing by.This can throw authorities off and confuse the location of the offender. This device can also be used on sex offenders because they may be prohibited from being around a certain area. For example, a child sex offender will receive the house arrest bracelet and may go to work, however, they may not pass by a school filled with children or minors. The ankle bracelet will alert the officials if the offender has passed by a school (Whitefield 1997). The problem with this is that the device cannot detect if children are in the area or hidden in their home.They send an officer to check but some probation officers may be careless and overlook different things. In order to advance technology in this situation, officials should order surveillance cameras in the offenders home to check for inappropriate sexual actio ns or material in the home. If the offender tampers with the tapes, it will alert authorities that the offender has tampered or removed from its place (Whitefield 1997). Electronic monitoring is best source of technology for tracking down offenders placed under house arrest or taking alcohol or drugs.The technology is basic GPS satellite technology. The types of technology mentioned above are continuing to become more and more advanced as we move on. The technology has its flaws in my opinion however, it can be useful 90 percent of the time while tracing an offenders every step and what he or she may consume into their bodies. The SCRAMx device has to be the most useful for those who committed DWIs or those with alcoholic problems. However, in general, house arrests are a good way to rehabilitate an offender especially those who committed crimes while intoxicated.It can pay back them in the right state of mind and change their ways when their sentence is over. Electronic Monitoring 26 Appendices Glossary House arrest- allows a person who is sentenced to a jail term to spend the time at his home as an alternative to being physically confined to jail. Electronic home detention- monitored using an electronic sensor strapped to an offenders ankle and linked by telephone lines to a central computer which emits a continuous signal. Probation- literally means testing of behavior or abilities. In a legal sense, an offender on probation is ordered o follow certain conditions set by the court. GPS Tracker- is a device that uses the Global Positioning System to determine the precise location of a vehicle, person, or other asset to which it is attached and to record the position of the asset at regular intervals. Electric monitoring- a form of non-surreptitious surveillance consisting of an electronic device attached to a person or vehicle, especially certain criminals, allowing their whereabouts to be monitored. SCRAMx System- combines continuous alcohol monitoring (CAM) with house arrest technology in one court-validated device.Now with wireless capabilities, SCRAMx tests for alcohol every 30 minutes, 24/7, monitors curfews and schedules, gives comprehensive information on the entire 24/7 monitoring period. Electronic Monitoring27 Bibliography Bales, W. , Mann, K. , Blomberg, T. , McManus, B. , Dhungana, K. (2010). Electronic Monitoring in Florida. Journal of Offender Monitoring, 22(2), 5-12. Howard, J. (2001). Electronic monitoring. The Reporter. Retrieved from http//www. johnhoward. ab. ca/newslet/may2001/May2001. pdf Whitefield, D. (1997). Tackling the tag The electronic monitoring of offenders. Waterside Press

Is the Best Yet to Come

When the problem inside is detected and removed than the external environment muckle turn back Into stable stage of development. The consultants at McKinney & Company suggested to analyses the organization using 7 key elements Structure Systems Style staff Skills Strategy dual-lane values. Pl Source http//www. Middleton. Com/pages/article/newest_91 . HTML As model includes next items Structure shows the way organization Is body structured and Interrelation of line of work units with individu in ally other.It indicates how employees interact with each other at heart the organization. Systems the practices in which employees disassembleicipate day-to-day, e. G. Organizational remainss, financial systems etc. Style description of the general way of conducting business within the familiarity. Style is quite top-down image than bottom up concerning the top-management ruling the caller-out and analyzing the attitude of deferent level employees on It. Staff refers to th e employees within personal development. Skills refers to gained professional abilities of employees within the company. Strategy the general plan of companys management to induct its business currently and in the future. Strategy usually is made by corporate level managers to snap the internal and external environment of the company and respond to changing demand within its specific industry. Sh ard values refers to the core values of the company, for what it is created and what mission it has in society. In addition there are also ethics principles serving as the guidelines for the company. Now we will analyze struck based on McKinney As framework. 1 .Structure The general structure of potty is very diversified and functional, basically including marketing, HER, CARS, Legal, and Finance etc. Figure 2. smitten structure pick Source http//MBA. Tuck. Dartmouth. Deed/PDF/2002-1-0023. PDF Generally speaking, the structure of Struck doesnt have strict hierarchy and is rather democr atic. According to the case, full-time and part-time employees regarded as partners of the company, and all(prenominal) one of them is granted a stock woof in proportion to their base pay. In 1991 each partner was granted stock options worth 12% of base pay, and this continued then each October every year.In general the organizational structure is build in order to avoid high turnover rate and reduce staff retention as some(prenominal) as possible. The motivation of employees is high, and Struck turnover for store management is about 25%, compared to about 50% for other sell channels. 2. Systems Struck developed outstanding system techniques which helped sustain the leading position in the world among burnt umber-makers. Its unique system includes Licenses stores and specialty sales licensing agreement, which managed market and distributing whole-bean and round coffees in grocery and mass-merchandise channels crosswise the U.S. At the same time Struck controlled how clients wo uld perceive Struck when they encountered it in grocery aisles. The company also created its own sales group that provided its coffee products to restaurants, airlines, hotels, universities, hospitals, business offices, country clubs and select retailers. Purchasing system Struck personnel traveled to coffee-producing countries to build relationships with growers and exporters, searching the sources that would meet its demands on quality and flavor.Because coffee industry depends a lot on weather conditions and different harvests, Struck set up fixed purchasing price to protect itself and get the bargaining power. Employee t raining Struck really believes that reducing the staff retention will help it to build strong brand, because the longer employees stay with the company, the more loyal customers the company will get. Thats why employees were trained and educated about coffee market, and afterwards shared their knowledge with customers. Thus Struck has developed system to build brand loyalty among its customers.Their raining covered also practices as set forth in the companys operating manual, information systems, and the basis of managing people. 3. Style The managerial style of conducting business in Struck is characterized as oriented on leadership (trust, collaboration, people development, and ethics), creating the opportunities for employees further rusher development (employees provided with coaching and feedback) and educating style (company raised employees according to personal needs boastful them coffee knowledge and expertise seminars).In general Struck is perceived as innovative, team-oriented and strong rand company. 4. Staff As long as Struck expanded internationally, company launched special hired high-motivated people who shared its love for coffee and had strong interest in it along with top-management. This has made Struck really unique and distinctive from its competitors company. In addition employees were guided by three principles 1) maintain and enhance self-esteem 2) listen and acknowledge 3) ask for help.Thus employees became one of key figures to take part in companys decision and empowered by top-management. The whole total care of employees has rough Struck reputation of well-respected company and helped it generate high-profit to satisfy shareholders needs. 5. Skills The workers of company are quite high skilful due to intensive training and recognition. Every partner/barista received at least 24 hours of training on coffee history, drinks preparation, customer service, coffee knowledge and so on.Customer service we can see from the case that due to the employee coaching highly knowledgeable staff brought benefit to the company using friendly attitude to every customer, who wanted to come again and again to enjoy a cup of coffee in Struck. Customizing drink to customer specifications workers were able to prepare grinding beans, steaming milk, learning to pull perfect cup of espresso, memorizing the re cipes of different drinks led to winning the prize among the target market. . Strategy Struck schema was set up in order to build brand awareness, brand recognition, and brand association among its customers worldwide. Hence main strategies were implemented A. Employees loyalty strategy core strategy to win employee loyalty and commitment to companys mission B. Store expansion strategy choosing the best action in large cities and suburbia, creating best retail team in the coffee bar industry.World expansion has spread to Europe, China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan by 2005 by choosing licensing rather than franchising to tight controlling over its operations. C. coffee purchasing strategy Struck relied mostly on direct suppliers from coffee-producing countries rather than on media-suppliers, that helped to reduce costs and make economies of scale D. JP and acquisitions strategy partnering with famous brands as PepsiCo, Dryers Grand Ice Cream Brands generated gross sales of over $ 8 million annually.Purchasing Ethos Water lead to expanding the line of beverages in the U. S. Overall operations has control extremely high profit for Struck that achieved its strategic objectives. 7. Shared values Struck positions itself as contributing to the community and to the environment in which it operates. Along with care for employees, building trust and respecting techniques, it also set up one of the best valuable CARS strategy in the world, becoming an environmental leader in all facets of its business.For example using recycling material, avoiding genetically modified ingredients Struck has built a strong belief of customers in healthy products produced by the company. General As epitome shows that Struck doesnt have any gaps in every sector of McKinney model. The company has very good top-down and bottom-up strategies, ensuring well-being of top-managers, customers and employees. But this analysis is mostly suitable for internal analysis of a company that helps to understand problems, which might appear when industry environment starts to change.

Legalizing Marijuana, An Ethical Perspective

In todays society, many an(prenominal) ethical concerns arise on a daily basis, especially when it comes to the topic of legalizing hemp. Many individuals arrive at relied on the fact that hemp was illegal, when determining whether smoking it should be turn overed unethical.However, many studies have shown that the effects of marijuana atomic form 18 non as detrimental as they were once made out to be. Legalizing marijuana can be an extremely controversial topic beca mapping several people have strong beliefs concerning why it should not be legalized, while a significant make out of people have stronger arguments, as to why it should be legalized.When it comes to looking at the ethical standpoint of legalizing marijuana, everyone has a different interpretation as to why marijuana should or should not be legalized. This is beca utilisation everyones sense of morals and values differ from one another.Legalizing marijuana for medicinal and recreational use would be beneficial for large amounts of people for many reasons. The theory of functionalism implies that the proper course of action should be the one, which benefits the greatest get along of people.Many aspects of legalizing marijuana should be considered when determining if the benefits outweigh the risks. Several states have passed laws, which govern the use of marijuana for medicinal purposes. In fact, over twenty states, as wholesome as the District of Columbia have enacted laws that govern the use of marijuana for medicinal purposes only. The increasing number of physicians implying that they would use marijuana medicinally for their patients shows that thither argon many benefits, which could derive from employ the substance.A study conducted by American herbalist showed, 79. 5 percent of professional members stated that if there were not legal obstructions they would use cannabis clinically (Romm & Romm, 2010, p. 25).This study also implies that the top reasons for prescribing marijuana include appetite loss, cancer, pain, glaucoma, insomnia, and it is also said that it helps with relaxation. Considering the increasing number of patients suffering from such diagnosis, the utilitarian approach shows that legalizing marijuana for medicinal purposes would benefit the greatest number of people.When considering the harmful and destructive nature of alcohol and tobacco, it is hard to interpret why and how these substances became legalized. While at the same time, people are curious as to how a substance, such as marijuana, that controversially could result in more advantages than disadvantages, has yet to become legal. hemp is significantly less destructive than alcohol and tobacco and is utilize to treat medical conditions. State legislatures have ignored the signs of potential advantages of legalizing marijuana for years.However, legislatures have previously legalized substances, including alcohol and tobacco, without the advantage of the substances advancing or improving medical care. Therefore, the main ethical argument against legalizing marijuana comes down to the fact that of the legalities political science its use. The National face for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML), is an organization that serves as an information center for issues concerning marijuana use and legalization. The NORML Organization also serves as the voice for Americans opposing the current marijuana prohibition.This organization presents the fact that if people are using this substance for enjoyment, those people should not be subjected to civil penalties or criminal injustices. A recent giving medication study has shown that over 14 million Americans use marijuana on a regular basis, despite legalities (NORML, 1996, para. 1). The NORML organization has compiled a list of principles of responsible use, which could flash back the amount of ethical concerns and legalities associated with using marijuana for recreational and medicinal purposes.One of which i nclude the use of marijuana world restricted only to adults. This is important because, just alike(p) alcohol and tobacco, it is unethical, immoral, and irresponsible to provide such substances to children.Another principle includes restrictions on driving while under the influence of marijuana. NORML stated, Although cannabis is said by about experts to be safer than alcohol and many prescription drugs with motorists, responsible cannabis consumers never operate motor vehicles in an impair condition (NORML, 1996, para, 6). Therefore, the no driving principle is implied.These are two of the close significant principles presented by NORML. The beside principle is described as set and setting. The NORML organization states, The responsible cannabis user will conservatively consider his/her set and setting, regulating use accordingly (NORML, 1996, para. 7).Meaning, adults should be responsible enough, when using marijuana, to take into consideration several different aspects of ones life. For instance, it is important for marijuana users to consider his or her set, meaning the individuals attitude, personality, and experience.The term setting refers to an individuals physical and social condition or circumstances (NORML, 1996, para. 8). Therefore, individuals should consider and analyze a number of factors before choosing to can or just choosing to just say no. Two other principles presented by NORML include resisting annoyance and respecting the rights of others. Therefore, individuals should steer clear of any sign of abuse and should not violate the rights of others when using marijuana.Decriminalizing marijuana would aid Americas next generation in becoming more successful with the ability to prosper. By reducing the amount of young people world penalized and/or transfer for using or possessing marijuana, less lives will be destroyed as a result of the warfare on pot.Former President Jimmy Carter once said, Penalties against drug use should not be more damaging to an individual than the use of the drug itself. Nowhere is this more clear than in the laws against the possession of marijuana in private for personal use (NORML, 1996, para. 14).Therefore, even our former President considered legalizing marijuana to benefit the greatest number of people, due to the high volume of individuals lives being subjected to destruction as a result of using and/or possessing this substance. The former President also implied that the penalties governing drug use should not be more destructive than the actual drug itself. It has been ascendn and will continue to be proven throughout this paper, that there are ways to avoid possible ethical concerns raised in reference to legalizing marijuana.For instance, a recent study showed, .. . in the 16 states where medical marijuana is legal, there has been a drop of nearly 9% in traffic deaths since the laws took effect and a 5% drop in beer sales (Crowe, 2012, para. 1). This study does not prove t hat driving while under the influence of marijuana is any less dangerous than driving while intoxicated. However, the results of the study do imply the fact that since alcohol is sold in bars and restaurants, it is more typical for higher rates of those driving drunk to have life threatening accidents than those under the influence of marijuana.Especially considering most marijuana users consume the substance in the privacy of their own homes. Whereas, individuals who learn to drink alcohol at a bar or restaurant, also choose to risk driving home while intoxicated. The authors of this study also imply that individuals driving while intoxicated are more likely to misjudge their scholarship and ability to drive, while those under the influence of marijuana typically tend to avoid taking risks on the road (Crowe, 2012, para. 11).However, individuals who choose to drive while impaired or intoxicated in any form are subject to being charged with driving under the influence, which impos es severe penalties and will result in loosing driving privileges. Some may argue that marijuana is a gateway drug to harder drugs.However, the NORML Organization argues that, For those minority of marijuana smokers who do graduate to harder substances, it is marijuana prohibition which forces users to associate with the illicit drug black market or else than the use of marijuana itself, that often serves as a doorway to the world of hard drugs (NORML, 1996, para.20).With that being said, it is not the use of marijuana that opens the doors for harder illicit drug use, it is being subjected to the underground market of marijuana that opens the doors for individuals to become familiar with other drugs. There are many ethical concerns when it comes to legalizing marijuana for recreational purposes. So far, two states have legalized marijuana for multiple reasons including medicinal purposes and recreational purposes.Washington and Colorado have implemented state laws governing the u se of marijuana for recreational use. The Obama Administration and the Justice Department concluded in a recent announcement that federal agents will not put in in Washington and Colorados new found marijuana laws and regulations as long as the states are, preventing distribution to minors, stopping marijuana from being used as a cover for trafficking other drugs,and enforcing laws against driving under the influence of drugs (Dinan, 2013, para, 20).Therefore, as long as the states regulate the use and possession of marijuana, according to the previously stated guidelines, the federal government will not intervene with the states policies concerning the legalization of marijuana. The laws passed in Washington and Colorado are the first move in the direction of decriminalizing marijuana.Those who are caught with an ounce of marijuana or less will not be subject to pay fines nor will they be institutionalized because citizens may legally possess anything less than an ounce. In recen t years, the war on drugs has ruined thousands of young lives of those who were caught possessing or using marijuana. Decriminalizing anything less than an ounce of marijuana, when it is being used for recreational purposes, will ensure the judicial systems within the United States are reserved for more serious and/or violent crimes.The authors of Marijuana legalization stated, According to the FBI, there were 758,000 marijuana arrests nationwide in 2011, the vast majority for possession (Sullum, 2013, para. 17). Therefore, most of the individuals who were arrested for marijuana in 2011 were actually arrested on possession charges, which most likely would not even be considered a crime in Washington or Colorado. Studies have shown that over fifty percent of Americans now believe marijuana should be legalized for recreational use because of the benefits outweighing the risks.Paul Armentano, the director of the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws recently stated, T oday, a majority of Americans take on ending Americas nearly century-long, failed experiment with cannabis prohibition and replacing it with a system of limited legalization and regulation (PR Newswire, 2012, para. 5). By utilizing limited legalization and regulations on marijuana, less people would be put away for what would normally be considered a crime. In doing so, the future of many young people would be saved against being victims of the war against cannabis.From an ethical utilitarian perspective, it would be more beneficial for the greatest number of people, to legalize marijuana. Those who chose to possess and use marijuana are overcrowding prison house systems and judicial systems within the United States. Implementing and utilizing methods of distributing marijuana, legally would decrease the amount of people being institutionalized for such crimes and could result in billions of dollars of tax revenue, which could strengthen the economy.The Seattle quantify recently i mplied, State financial experts estimate the new legalization could raise nearly $2 billion in tax revenue over the next five years, with the money going toward education, health care, substance abuse prevention and basic government services (PR Newswire, 2012, para. 7). Herein lies, yet another ethical archetype as to why marijuana should be legalized. An ethical egoist could argue that a person should have the right to use marijuana if that person sees using marijuana as being in his or her best interest.If not, the ethical egoist could argue that if that person does not see smoking marijuana as being in their best interest, they should not do it. No matter the direction the individual chooses to approach this situation, the ethical egoist would support the persons right to make the determination for his or her self. Our textbook indicates, The egoist simply says that you should do what makes you happiest, or, again, maximizes your utility (Mosser, 2010, sec. 1. 8, para. 22). Wit h that being said, the utilitarian approach implies, the right thing to do is what benefits the largest number of people.However, the ethical egoist could possibly interpret, restricting ones use of marijuana as being in his or her best interest. establish on the material presented and the information obtained while conducting research on the topic of legalizing marijuana, the logical notion would be to legalize marijuana. Having the ability to regulate and control the use and possession of marijuana among U. S. citizens, will provide the government with the ability to control its distribution Therefore, making availability to minors just as regulated and controlled as alcohol and tobacco, which would be in compliance with the Justice Departments regulations.Almost half of our nations population previously voted to legalize marijuana. The government is starting line to realize, just like the use of alcohol and tobacco, the use of marijuana will continue legally or illegally. Legali zing marijuana for medicinal and recreational use would be beneficial for a significant amount of people for many reasons. Why not just develop regulations, apply taxes to it, and maintain control over it rather than continuing the war on pot which has failed tremendously over the years.